Introduction: Functional units of digital system and their

interconnections, buses, bus architecture, types of buses

and bus arbitration. Register, bus andmemory transfer.

Processor organization: general registers organization, stack

organization and

addressing modes.

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II Arithmetic and logic unit: Look ahead carries adders.

Multiplication: Signed operand multiplication, Booths

algorithm and array multiplier. Division and logic

operations.

Floating point arithmetic operation, Arithmetic & logic unit

design. IEEE

Standard for Floating Point Numbers.

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III Control Unit: Instruction types, formats, instruction cycles 

and sub cycles (fetch and execute etc), micro operations,

execution of a complete instruction.Program Control, Reduced 

Instruction Set Computer, Pipelining. Hardwire and micro

programmed control: micro-program sequencing, concept of

horizontaland vertical microprogramming.

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IV Memory:Basicconceptandhierarchy,semiconductorRAMmem

ories,2D&2 1/2D

memoryorganization.ROMmemories.Cachememories:conce

ptanddesigniss ues& performance, address mapping 

andreplacement Auxiliary memories: magnetic disk,

magnetic tape and optical disks Virtual memory: concept

implementation.

Input / Output: Peripheral devices, I/O interface, I/O ports,

Interrupts: interrupt hardware, types of interrupts and 

exceptions. Modes of Data Transfer: Programmed I/O,

interrupt initiated I/O and Direct Memory

Access., I/O channels and processors.

Serial Communication: Synchronous & asynchronous

communication,standardcommunication interfaces