Course Outcomes (COs)
1. Better understanding of electrical and magnetic phenomenon in daily life.
2. To troubleshoot simple problems related to electrical devices.
3. Comprehend the powerful applications of ballistic galvanometer.
4. Study the fundamental physics behind reflection and refraction of light (electromagnetic waves).
5. Study the working and applications of Michelson and Fabry-Perot interferometers.
6. Recognize the difference between Fresnel’s and Fraunhofer’s class of diffraction.
7. Comprehend the use of polarimeters.
8. Study the characteristics and uses of lasers.
PART A: Electromagnetic Theory
I: Electrostatics
Electric force between charges, General expression for Electric field in terms of linear, surface and volume charge densities, divergence & curl of Electric field, Gauss law and its applications to linear, surface and volume charge distributions, electric potential, General expression for electric potential in terms of volume charge density of an arbitrary charge distribution, electrostatic energy, Electric potential and field due an electric dipole and quadrupole. Electric fields in dielectrics, polarization, auxiliary field D (Electric displacement), electric susceptibility and permittivity.
II: Magnetostatics
Lorentz force, Bio-Savart’s law and its applications, divergence and curl of Magnetic field, Magnetic force between two current elements, Ampere’s circuital law (applications included), General expression for Magnetic scalar and vector potential, Magnetic energy density, Magnetic fields in matter, magnetisation, auxiliary field H, magnetic susceptibility and permeability, introduction to diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic materials.
III: Time Varying Electromagnetic Fields
Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction and Lenz's law. Self and mutual induction (applications included). Theory and working of moving coil ballistic galvanometer, Displacement current, equation of continuity and Maxwell’s correction in Ampere’s circuital law, Derivation and physical significance of Maxwell’s equations.
IV: Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic energy density and Poynting vector, Plane electromagnetic waves in free space and isotropic dielectrics, Poynting’s theorem, Boundary conditions, Reflection and refraction of homogeneous plane electromagnetic waves, law of reflection, Snell’s law, Fresnel’s formulae (only for normal incidence).
PART B: Physical Optics & Lasers
V: Interference
Conditions for interference and spatial & temporal coherence. Division of Wavefront - Fresnel’s Biprism and Lloyd’s Mirror. Division of Amplitude - Parallel thin film, wedge shaped film and Newton’s Ring experiment. Interferometer - Michelson and Fabry-Perot.
VI: Diffraction
Distinction between interference and diffraction. Fresnel’s and Fraunhofer’s class of diffraction. Fresnel’s Half Period Zones and Zone plate. Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit, n slits and Diffracting Grating. Resolving Power of Optical Instruments - Rayleigh’s criterion and resolving power of telescope, microscope & grating.
VII: Polarisation
Polarisation by double-refraction, dichroic crystals, birefringence, Nicol prism, retardation plates and Babinet’s compensator. Analysis of polarized light. Optical Rotation - Fresnel’s explanation of optical rotation and Half Shade & Biquartz polarimeters.
VIII: Lasers
Characteristics of Lasers. Quantitative analysis of Spatial and Temporal coherence. Conditions for Laser action and Einstein’s coefficients. Three and four level laser systems (qualitative discussion), Ruby laser and He-Ne gas laser. Holography.
Suggested Readings
PART A
1. D.J. Griffiths, “Introduction to Electrodynamics”, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, 2002, 3e
2. E.M. Purcell, “Electricity and Magnetism (In SI Units): Berkeley Physics Course Vol 2”, McGraw Hill, 2017, 2e
3. Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, Matthew Sands, “The Feynman Lectures on Physics - Vol. 2”, Pearson Education Limited, 2012
4. D.C. Tayal, “Electricity and Magnetism”, Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2019, 4e
PART B
1. Francis A. Jenkins, Harvey E. White, “Fundamentals of Optics”, McGraw Hill, 2017, 4e
2. Samuel Tolansky, “An Introduction to Interferometry”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1973, 2e
3. A. Ghatak, “Optics”, McGraw Hill, 2017, 6e
Suggestive Digital Platforms / Web Links
1. MIT Open Learning - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, https://openlearning.mit.edu/
2. National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL), https://www.youtube.com/user/nptelhrd
3. Uttar Pradesh Higher Education Digital Library, http://heecontent.upsdc.gov.in/SearchContent.aspx
4. Swayam Prabha - DTH Channel, https://www.swayamprabha.gov.in/index.php/program/current_he/8
- Teacher: SURESH KUMAR SHARMA,